![]() ![]() When the base changes, a revolutionary class becomes the new ruling class that forms the superstructure. Historical development is the reflection of changes in the economic and material relations of the base. To illustrate this theoretical framework, Marx draws on his formulation of base and superstructure. This system will forever remain in place so long as society is organized around the need for a ruling class. However, it is an illusion that the ideas of the ruling class are the communal interests. The ruling ideas are thought to be the universal interest. As the ruling class changes with time, so too do the ideals and the new ruling class must instill upon its society its own ideas which will become universal. They regulate the production and distribution of ideas of their age. The ruling class, in ruling the material force of society, is simultaneously the ruling intellectual force of society. Also, there is a direct link between division of labor and forms of ownership. ![]() How far the productive forces of a nation are developed is shown by the degree to which the division of labor has been carried. The nature of individuals depends on the material conditions determining their production. Marx and Engels argue that humans distinguish themselves from animals as soon as they begin to produce their means of subsistence what individuals are coincides with their production in both how and what they produce. The text in German runs to around 700 pages. Chapter V in Volume II was written by Moses Hess and edited by Marx and Engels. The bulk of the manuscript is in Engels' hand, except for Chapter V of Volume II and some passages of Chapter III of Volume I which are in Joseph Weydemeyer's hand. The Preface and some of the alterations and additions are in Marx's hand. ![]() The text itself was written by Marx and Engels in Brussels in 18 but it was not published until 1932. ![]()
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